玉牌shiyupeishideyizhong，congshangdaikaishizhujianxingchenglewanzhengdeliyizhidu。benwenzhuyaolunshudeshisuizheshidaidefazhan，xiandaiyupaidexingzhiheticai，yijizhizuogongyi。yijianchenggongdeyupai，chulejiangjiuyuliaowai，haiyaozhuyigoutusheji，kongjianbuju，zhengtizaoxing，bingqiezhuiqiuguangyingzhigandebiaoda。zuizaodeyupaizhizuogaoshouweimingdaijiajing、wanlinianjian，suzhouyudiaodashiluzigangchuangzaode“zigang”pei。tabashufa、huihuayishujieheyudiaojifa，biaoxianzaifangcunzhijian，chuangzaochukuanhoudunshide“yupai”zheiyiquanxindeyudiaoxingshi。dangshideyupaitongchangyouzhengfanliangmian，shishuhuayijinxianqishang，juyouhengaodeyishuxingheshangwanjiazhi，zheiyeshiyupaiguangshouwenrenhuanyingdeyuanyin。erxiandaizhizuodeyupai，suizheshouzhongdebutong，shenmeidebianqian，yupaizaixingshiheneirongshangdoufashenglehendadebianhua。

xinjianghetianyusajinpibaiyuziyuyupai bidingchenglong

　　1、玉牌的形制多样化

　　yupaidexingzhiyibanchengzhangfangxing，yeyouyuanxinghetuoyuanxing。chuantongdeyupaiyoupaitou，bianyuchuanxi。changjiandepaitouyouxiangyun、ruyitou、lingzhidengzaoxing。paitoushejiyaoqieheyupaidezhuti，zhanyupaizhengtibiliyaoheli，haodepaitoushejinenggoutishengyupaidezhengtiyishujiazhi，fouzejiuhuihuashetianzu。

　　yupaidedaxiao、guigemeiyouyidingzhigui。tongchangdoushiyijuyuanliaodedaxiaolaiqiege。dancongmeixueshanglaifenxi，wozaishejishi，huiyijucailiaojinlianganhuangjinbililaiquedingpaixingdezhang、kuan。zaipaitideshejizhongchangchangquxiaopaitou。zheiyangdepaixingshouganshushi，zaihouqidehuamianbuzhizhongkongjiangangengqiang。youyuyuliaoshitianrandecaizhi，dangtachuxianliekou、xiacishi，zaishejizhongjiuyaolinghuobianhua。ruzhangfangxingdepailiao，zaijiaoshangyouzangdianhuoliekoushi，ketongguobazhijiaogaiyuanjiao，laiquzangbiluo。zaipaixingyaobuchuxianmaobingshi，kebazhibianxiangaichengneihuxianlaibirang，yekeyonglakonghuadexingshilaichuli。

　　xiandaideyupaihaiyouyizhong“suixingpai”zheizhongyupaishiyijuyuanliaohengqiemiandexingzhuang，jiehesuoyaochuangzuodeticaijinxingsheji，suixingsuixing，shengdongziran。zaiyuanliaodeliyongshanghaiqidaobaoliuyuanliaobiaopidezuoyong。zheileipaixingjingguoshidangdechouxiangbianhua，shengdong，ziran，busiban。biru“zhuangzhoumengdie”deticaikeyiyonghudiedewaixing，“dapengzhanchi”deticaikeyiyongxiongyingdewaixing。

　　2、题材的多样化

　　yupaidexingzhiduozhongduoyang，dandaxiaozongguiyouxian，ruhezaifangcunzhijiandadaowanmeideyishujingjie，ticaidexuanzejiuxiandehenzhongyao。

　　youyijuzhongguoshuhuaweiticaidewenrenyupai。zheileiyupaichangyihuaniao，shanshui，yashipeiheshiwen，yijuguohuadebujulaisheji。huamianneirongdadouzhuiqiuningjingzhiyuan、xianxiaanyideyizhongchangmian。zaixiandaizheizhongfanhua、chaoza、yayi、fuzaodeshehuihuanjingzhong，zheileiyupainengrangrenxinjingpinghe、xiushenyangxing。

　　youyijuminsuwenhuaweiticaidefanyingjixiangruyideyupai。zheileiyupaichangyifu、lu、shou、xiweibiaodasixiang，youfeichangqiangliedeminzutese，neirongyijixiangzhufuweizhu，jiaochangcaiyongdeyou“lianlianyouyu”、sanyangkaitai”、“fushoumianmian”、“yituanheqi”deng，zheileiticaidegouchengdaduocaiyongminjianchangjiandeshiwu，ru“shoutao”、“bianfu”、“hulu”、“tongqian”、“xiangyun”yijigezhongdongwuxingxiang，tongguozuhelaibiaodayizhongmeihaozhuyuan，zheileiticaishiyuedingchengsude，doushilaobaixingxiwenlejiandeshiwu。

　　youfanyingzongjiao、shenhuarenwuweiticaiderenwuyupai。zheileiyupaizongyirenwuweizhu，youfojiaozhongdegezhongpusa、shenhuachuanshuozhongdeshenxian，yourudaoxueshuodedaibiaorenwu，zaihuamiangoutuzhongyijurenwusuoyaobiaodadeqingganchengxianchuhuocishan、huozhuangyan、huogaoya、huosumudefenwei。

　　haiyouyizhongyifanyingwenhuasixiangdexueshuodiangu、liqi、shigeweichuangzuoyuanquandezuopin。ruzuozheshejide“silingpai”jiushiyong“qinglong、baihu、zhuque、xuanwu”dewenshizuhezaiyiqi，fanyingfengshuiwenhua。zheisizhongxingxiangchuzi《yi•luci》shuo：taijishengliangyi、liangyishengsixiang，jizuoweiqinglong、youweibaihu、qianweizhuque、houweixuanwu，jitaiyangtaiyin、shaoyangshaoyin，fengshuizhongdaibiaodong、nan、xi、beisigefangwei;seweiqing、bai、hong、huangbiaoshisifangchaogong、tianxiaxianghezhizheng。

xinjianghetianyusajinpibaiyuziyuyupai bidingchenglong

　　3、雕刻手法的多样化

　　yudiaozuopinzhongdeshejisixiangdoushitongguodiaokeluoshizaiyuliaoshang，yupaisuishifangcunzhijiandeyishu，dantadediaokeshoufashiduozhongduoyangde，congyinke、yangke、qianfudiao、gaofudiao、toudiao、yuandiao，qiaoseyunyong，jinyinsixiangqiandengshoufadounengxuanzeyunyong。zaiyijianyupaizuopinshangchangchanghuiyunyongliangsanzhongjifa，zheiyangdezuopinhuamiancengcifengfu，yishuganranliqiang。

　　4、结语

　　yupaisuixiao，dantayiliuchuanqiannian，suizheshidaidefazhan，wenhuadeliuchuan，tadexingshiyijingyuelaiyuefengfu，ticaiyezaibuduanzhuanbian，yixielaode，bufuhexiandairenjingshenxuqiudeticaiyujifazaixiaoshi，eryuzhixiangduidexinxingshiyoubuduanjiarujinlai，yupaidepinzhongchengxianchukongqiandefanrong。xianzaidezhizuojiyiyiyuanyuanchaoguole“zigangpei”deneigeniandai。tachuanchengzhewenhua，jituozheqingganhuiliuchuanyongjiu。