yupaishizhongguochuantongdeyuqiqixing，bingqieyongyouyoujiudewenhualishi。

　　yupaishibansuizhegudaiyuqicongchuxiandaofazhanyiluzoulaide。genjukaogufaxian，yupaishizaozailiangzhuwenhuashiqiyijingchuxian，zaihandai，chuxianleyongyushangwanhuochenshedeyupaishi，daomingqingshiqi，yupaishixingzhiduoyang，yongtugeyi。lidaiyupaishijundiaokeyoujixiangtuan，ruliangzhuyupaishikeyoulongshouwenheshenrenshoumianwen;handaiyupaishikeyou“longmianwen”hefengniaoshichilongtuan;mingqingshiqide“biezi”biaodajixiangyuyideshoufagengduo，ticaiyegengfengfu。jishibuketuanhewenzideyupai，yeyou“qingbai”he“pinganwushi”dejixiangyuyi，zaidangshishenshouwenrenshidafudeqinglai。

　　中国古代玉牌

　　womenpingchangsuoshuodeyupaishitongchangshizhimingqingliangdaiguanliaowenrenxihuanbawanpeidaidexiaoyupai，tongchangpeidaizaiyaojian，qingdaidebeijingren(zhuyaoshimanzuren)chengqiwei“biezi”。shijishangyupaishideqiyuanhenzao，zaisiwuqiannianqiandeliangzhuwenhuashiqiyiyouyupaishichuxian，liangzhuwenhuayupaishiduoyouchuankong，kenengyongyupeidai。handaiyeyouyupaishi，dandaduoshubingfeiyongyupeidai，ershiyongyuwanshanghuochenshe。bulunnayigeshiqideyupaishi，dabufendoudiaokeyougezhonggeyangdejixiangtuan，shishenshouguangdashouzangaihaozhexiaidegudaiyishupin。

　　5000nianqiandeliangzhuwenhuajiuyouyupai

　　liangzhuwenhuadeyupaishishiliangzhuyuqizhonghenyoutesedeyizhongqixing。yibanchengbianpingxing，fenweiyuanxinghesanjiaoxingliangzhong。yuanxingdeyupaishizhongjianyoukong，youdeweisumian，youdedaiyouwenshi，wangwangshibianyuandiaokelongshouwen。xianzangyuliangzhubowuyuandeyijiansumianyupaishi，qizhongjiandezuankongbushichangjiandeyuankong，ershiyoudianxiangxingxing，xingzhuangteshu，buzhigurenyouheyongyi。longshouwenyupaishidelongshouyoutongxiangdeyeyouxiangduide，rushanghaibowuguanshouzangdeyijianshuanglongshouyupaidelongshouweitongxiang，erzhejiangshengwenwukaoguyanjiusuoshouzangdeyupaishiyilongshouxiangduidejuduo，qizhongyijiansanlongshouyupaishizaiwaiyuandengfendiaochusangeqianfudiaotumian，yiyinxianhefudiaodeshoufadiaochusangelongshoujixiangtuan。

　　sanjiaoxingyupaishibijiaoteshu，yibandiaokeyouliangzhuwenhuadebiaozhishenrenshoumianwen，ruzangyuzhejiangshengbowuguandeyijiansanjiaoxingyupaishicaiyongfengequyudebiaoxianshoufa，shishenrenshoumianwengengjiaxingmu。lingwai，zaizhejiangshengwenwukaoguyanjiusuohaishouzangyouleisi“gong”zixingdeshenrenshoumianwenyupaishi。

　　汉代玉牌

　　handaiyupaishishizhongguoyuqishishangyigeteshupinzhong，zaiguoneiwaijinfaxianleshushijian。zheigeshiqideyupaishiyoudayouxiao，yidanmianfudiaoshoumianwenzheweiduojian，shaoliangyouloukongdiaodewenshi，kenengyongyuxiangqianjiajuhuochenshe。zheizhongyupaishidebeimianguangsuwuwen，zhengmiandeshoumianwenyingwei“longmianwen”，yinweiruguobazheizhongyupaishishangdeshoumiantuanduizheqilai，jiuhuikandaoyigelongtou。yeyoudeyupaishidiaokeyoufengniaoshichilongtuan。lingwai，handaihaiyoufangxing、zhangfangxingyupaishi，danmianfudiaodongwutuan，gujiyeyongyuzhuangshi。handaiyupaishitongchangyongliaojiaohao，zhuogongyehenjingliang，zaidiaokeshoufashangyinxian、yangxian、tudiao、yuandiaoxiangjiehe，juyoufengfudeyishubiaoxianli。

　　mingqingshiqideyupaishizhuyaoyongyupeidaihexiangqianjiajujichenshe，shaoliangyouqitayongtu。yongyuxiangqianjiajudeyupaishixingzhuanggeyi，tongchangweidanmiandiaozhuo，yiyinxianwendiaozhuohuahui、shanshui、renwu、dongwujishiwentuandeng，xiangqianzaijiajushangyouteshuxiaoguo。